1. Author Attribution Requirements

Authors listed on research papers should truthfully reflect their work and contributions. In accordance with international research paper norms, author eligibility must meet the following three criteria:

① Making substantial contributions to design conceptualization, experimental research, data collection, result analysis, etc.;

② Drafting the article or making critical revisions to important academic content;

③ Final review and approval of the manuscript for publication.

This journal requires all listed authors to meet at least one of the above criteria, and all individuals meeting at least one criterion should be listed as authors. Merely providing funding, data, or project management does not constitute eligibility for authorship. Contributors who made non-authorship contributions (including funding, support resources, management supervision, non-substantive data, etc.) are recommended to be acknowledged in the "Acknowledgements" section.

2. Author Contribution Statement

Following the author contribution reporting范例 (examples) of international leading journals, author contributions can be categorized as follows:

① Proposal and design of the research proposition, including the development of specific ideas or methods;

② Implementation of the research process, such as conducting experiments or surveys;

③ Acquisition, provision, and analysis of data;

④ Manuscript writing or overall oversight and review of the paper;

⑤ Other contributions.

Each research paper should detail author contributions based on the characteristics of the research activities. Additional research tasks or contributions may be further specified. One author may be responsible for multiple areas, and multiple authors may share responsibility for the same area. In multi-authored papers, specify each author’s specific contributions at the end of the paper, e.g.:

Zhang: Conceived research ideas and designed the study; Li and Wang: Conducted experiments; Wang: Performed data statistics and analysis; Zhang, Wang, and Zhao: Wrote the manuscript; Zhang: Provided overall supervision and review.

3. Conflict of Interest

The paper must conclude with a statement: "All authors declare no conflict of interest."