[1] Wang L, Gao P, Zhang M, et al. Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013[J].JAMA, 2017, 317(24):2515-2523. [2] American Diabetes Association. Microvascular complications and foot care:standards of medical care in diabetes-2018[J]. Diabetes Care, 2018,41(Suppl 1):S105-S118. [3] Zhang L, Long J, Jiang W, et al.Trends in chronic kidney disease in China[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(9):905-906. [4] KDOQI.KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease[J].Am J Kidney Dis, 2007,49(2 Suppl 2):S12-154. [5] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2013[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013,36 Suppl 1:S11-66. [6] Argyropoulos C P, Chen S S, Ng Y H, et al.Rediscovering beta-2 microglobulin as a biomarker across the spectrum of kidney diseases[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2017, 4:73. [7] Monteiro M B, Thieme K, Santos-Bezerra D P, et al. Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) expression in the urinary sediment correlates with clinical markers of kidney disease in patients with type 1 diabetes[J]. Metabolism, 2016,65(6):816-824. [8] Zhou B, Zou H, Xu G. Clinical utility of serum cystatin C in predicting diabetic nephropathy among patients with diabetes mellitus:a meta-analysis[J]. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2016,41(6):919-928. [9] Gluhovschi C, Gluhovschi G, Petrica L, et al. Urinary biomarkers in the assessment of early diabetic nephropathy[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2016,2016:4626125. [10] Yang J K, Wang Y Y, Liu C, et,al. Urine proteome specific for eye damage can predict kidney damage in patients with type 2 diabetes:a case-control and a 5.3-year prospective cohort study[J].Diabetes Care, 2017,40(2):253-260. [11] Bhensdadia N M, Hunt K J, Lopes-Virella M F, et al. Urine haptoglobin levels predict early renal functional decline in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Kidney Int, 2013,83(6):1136-1143. [12] Liu J J, Liu S, Wong M D, et al.Urinary haptoglobin predicts rapid renal function decline in asians with type 2 diabetes and early kidney disease[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016,101(10):3794-3802. [13] Raugei G, Bensi G, Colantuoni V, et al. Sequence of human haptoglobin cDNA:evidence that the alpha and beta subunits are coded by the same mRNA[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1983,11(17):5811-5819. [14] Bowman B H, Kurosky A. Haptoglobin:the evolutionary product of duplication, unequal crossing over, and point mutation[J]. Adv Hum Genet, 1982,12:189-261, 453-454. [15] Zhao K W, Brochmann Murray E J, Murray S S. HK2 proximal tubule epithelial cells synthesize and secrete plasma proteins predominantly through the apical surface[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2017,118(4):924-933. [16] Maffei M, Barone I, Scabia G, et al.The multifaceted Haptoglobin in the context of adipose tissue and metabolism[J]. Endocr Rev, 2016,37(4):403-416. [17] Schaer D J, Vinchi F, Ingoglia G, et al.Haptoglobin, hemopexin, and related defense pathways-basic science, clinical perspectives, and drug development[J]. Front Physiol, 2014,5:415. [18] Yang H, Wang H, Levine Y A, et al. Identification of CD163 as an antiinflammatory receptor for HMGB1-haptoglobin complexes[J]. JCI Insight, 2016,1(7):e85375. [19] Etzerodt A, Moestrup S K. CD163 and inflammation:biological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects[J]. Antioxid Redox Signal,2013,18(17):2352-2363. [20] Reeder B J. The redox activity of hemoglobins:from physiologic functions to pathologic mechanisms[J]. Antioxid Redox Signal,2010,13(7):1087-1123. [21] Deuel J W, Schaer C A, Boretti F S, et al.Hemoglobinuria-related acute kidney injury is driven by intrarenal oxidative reactions triggering a heme toxicity response[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2016,7:e2064. [22] Chintagari N R, Nguyen J, Belcher J D, et al. Haptoglobin attenuateshemoglobin-induced heme oxygenase-1 in renal proximal tubule cells and kidneys of a mouse model of sickle cell disease[J]. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 2015,54(3):302-306. [23] Arredouani M S, Kasran A, Vanoirbeek J A, et al. Haptoglobin dampens endotoxin-induced inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo[J]. Immunology, 2005, 114(2):263-271. [24] Ghuman S, Van Hemelrijck M, Garmo H,et al.Serum inflammatory markers and colorectal cancer risk and survival[J].Br J Cancer. 2017,116(10):1358-1365. [25] Vanuytsel T, Vermeire S, Cleynen I. The role of haptoglobin and its related protein, zonulin, in inflammatory bowel disease[J].Tissue Barriers,2013,1(5):e27321. [26] Shen H, Heuzey E, Mori D N, et al. Haptoglobin enhances cardiac transplant rejection[J]. Circ Res, 2015,116(10):1670-1679. [27] Dalan R, Liu X, Goh L L. Endothelial cell apoptosis correlates with low haptoglobin concentrations in diabetes[J].DiabVasc Dis Res, 2017,14(6):534-539. [28] Aggarwal A, Gupta R, Negi V S, et al. Urinary haptoglobin, alpha-1 anti-chymotrypsin and retinol binding protein identified by proteomics as potential biomarkers for lupus nephritis[J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2017,188(2):254-262. [29] Zager R A, Vijayan A, Johnson A C. Proximal tubule haptoglobin gene activation is an integral component of the acute kidney injury "stress response"[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2012,303(1):F139-148. [30] Gburek J, Verroust P J, Willnow T E, et al.Megalin and cubilin are endocytic receptors involved in renal clearance of hemoglobin[J]. J Am SocNephrol, 2002,13(2):423-430. [31] Asleh R, Guetta J, Kalet-Litman S,et al. Haptoglobin genotype-and diabetes-dependent differences in iron-mediated oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo[J] Circ Res, 2005,96(4):435-441. [32] Asleh R, Nakhoul F M, Miller-Lotan R, et al. Poor lysosomal membrane integrity in proximal tubule cells of haptoglobin 2-2 genotype mice with diabetes mellitus[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2012,53(4):779-786. [33] Nankivell B J, Tay Y C, Boadle R A, et al. Lysosomal iron accumulation in diabetic nephropathy[J]. Ren Fail, 1994,16(3):367-381. [34] Tagawa A, Yasuda M, Kume S, et al. Impaired podocyte autophagy exacerbates proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy[J]. Diabetes, 2016,65(3):755-767. [35] Amanzadeh M, Mota A, Zarghami N, et al. Association between matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity and glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Iran J Kidney Dis, 2018,12(1):40-47. [36] Conway B, Fried L, Orchard T. Hemoglobin and overt nephropathy complications in type 1 diabetes[J]. Ann Epidemiol, 2008,18(2):147-155. [37] Dessapt-Baradez C, Woolf A S, White K E, et al. Targeted glomerular angiopoietin-1 therapy for early diabetic kidney disease[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2014,25(1):33-42. [38] Park S J, Sang H B, Oh M K, et al. Enhancement of angiogenic and vasculogenic potential of endothelial progenitor cells by haptoglobin[J]. FEBS Lett, 2009, 583(19):3235-3240. [39] Smeets M B, Pasterkamp G, Lim S K, et al. Nitric oxide synthesis is involved in arterial haptoglobin expression after sustained flow changes[J]. FEBS Lett, 2002, 529(2):221-224. [40] Brosius F C, Pennathur S. How to find a prognostic biomarker for progressive diabetic nephropathy[J]. Kidney Int, 2013,83(6):996-998. [41] Macisaac R J, Ekinci E I, Jerums G. Markers of and risk factors for the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2014, 63(2 Suppl 2):S39-62. |