Table of Content

21 December 2013, Volume 34 Issue 6

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Expression of remodeling associated factors in the tissue of chronic rhinosinusitis

BO Mingyu, WANG Xiangdong, WANG Hong, SONG Beibei, LI Ying, FAN Erzhong, ZHANG Luo

2013, 34(6):  785-789.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.001

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Objective To evaluate the expression and roles of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase(TIMPs), transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) and albumin in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps(CRSsNP) and with nasal polyps(CRSwNP) in northern China. Methods CRSwNP tissue specimens of 95 cases, sinus mucosa of 33 CRSsNP cases and 24 cases of control were collected and analyzed in the present study. ELISA was used to measure MMP-1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, TIMP-1, 2, 3, 4, TGF-β1 and albumin in homogenization of nasal mucosa and polyp tissue. Results MMP-7, 8 and 9 in CRSwNP tissue were significantly higher than those in control tissue. MMP-8 in nasal polyp tissue of neutrophilic CRSwNP(Neu CRSwNP) was significantly higher than that of eosinophilic CRSwNP(Eos CRSwNP). TIMP-1 in CRSsNP tissue was significantly higher than that in CRSwNP and control tissue, TIMP-2 in CRSsNP and CRSwNP tissue was significantly higher than that in control tissue. There were no significant difference in TGF-β1 among the three groups. But albumin in CRSwNP tissue was significantly higher than that in CRSwNP and control tissue. Conclusion Different MMPs and TIMPs may play different roles in the remodeling of CRSsNP and CRSwNP.

Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-inducible protein-2 in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis and its relationship with angiogenesis

WANG Min, YANG Jun, SHANG Jun, ZHANG Luo

2013, 34(6):  790-794.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.002

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Objective To investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-inducible protein-2(TNFAIP2) in allergic rhinitis and its relationship with angiogenesis. Methods Allergic rhinitis mouse model was induced by ovalbumin(OVA), expression of TNFAIP2 and CD31(the marker of endothelial cells) in nasal mucosa was measured and correlation analysis was done. Results The number of nasal rubbing, serum OVA-specific IgE levels, and nasal mucosal eosinophil and mast cell infiltration were significantly higher in allergic rhinitis mouse model than in the control mice. Compared to the control mice, expression of TNFAIP2 mRNA and protein and CD31 mRNA in allergic rhinitis mouse model increased significantly. TNFAIP2 expression positively correlated with CD31. Conclusion TNFAIP2 may be involved in the development of allergic rhinitis via regulating the angiogenesis.

Expression of CC family chemokines in the tissue of chronic rhinosinusitis in Northern China

LI Ying, WANG Xiangdong, WANG Hong, BO Mingyu, SONG Beibei, FAN Erzhong, ZHANG Luo

2013, 34(6):  795-798.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.003

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Objective To evaluate the expression and roles of chemokines in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps(CRSsNP) and with nasal polyps(CRSwNP) in Northern China. Methods Ninety-four cases of NP tissue, 33 cases of sinus mucosa of CRSsNP and 24 cases of control were enrolled in the present study. ELISA was used to measure CCL2(MCP-1), CCL3(MIP-1a), CCL4(MIP-1b), CCL5(RANTES) and Eotaxin in homogenization of nasal mucosa and polyp tissue. Results CCL2(MCP-1), CCL3(MIP-1a), CCL4(MIP-1b) and Eotaxin in NP tissue were significantly higher than those in CRSsNP and control tissue. CCL4(MIP-1b) and Eotaxin in eosinophilic NP tissue was significantly higher than those in neutrophilic NP. No significant difference of CCL5(RANTES) was found among the above groups. Conclusion Chemokine CCL2(MCP-1), CCL3(MIP-1a), CCL4(MIP-1b) and Eotaxin may play important roles in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.

Expression of cell junctions in the tissue of chronic rhinosinusitis

Li Ying, Fan Erzhong, Bo Mingyu, Wang Xiangdong, Zhang Luo

2013, 34(6):  799-804.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.004

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Objective To evaluate the expression of cell junctions in the tissue of chronic rhinosinusitis and their roles in barrier function of epithelium. Methods Eosinophilic nasal polyps and non-eosinophilic nasal polyps of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP), sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps(CRSsNP) and control mucosa were enrolled in this study. Each group included 15 cases. Zonulae occludens(ZO-1), E-cadherin and desmoglein-1(dsg-1) were stained by immunohistochemistry. Results The expression of ZO-1 in eosinophilic nasal polyps group were significantly less than that in other groups(P<0.05). The expressions of E-cadherin in nasal polyps and CRSsNP group were significantly more than that in control group(P<0.05). The expressions of dsg-1 in nasal polyps groups and CRSsNP group were significantly less than that in control group(P<0.05), while dsg-1 of nasal polyps groups were significantly less than that of CRSsNP group(P<0.05). Conclusion The changes of cell junctions may play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Relationship of pollinosis onset patterns and atmospheric pollen species and concentration

OUYANG Yuhui, ZHAO Liping, ZHANG Luo

2013, 34(6):  805-807.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.005

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Objective To investigate the onset patterns of pollinosis, and to analyze the correlation between onset time of pollinosis patients and atmospheric pollen concentration. Methods A total of 14 426 cases that were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis(AR) underwent a skin prick test, pollen allergens and the onset patterns were assessed. Pollen concentration and category in Beijing area were monitored from March to September every year. The correlation between onset patterns of pollinosis patients and atmospheric pollen concentration were analyzed. Results In 14 426 cases of skin prick test positive patients, 8 127 had pollinosis(55.9%); The main age of pollinosis patients were generally 15-18 and 31-40 years of age. The onset time of pollinosis patients showed significant correlation with pollen concentration(r=0.787, P<0.01). Conclusion Pollens are important allergens of AR; onset time of pollinosis patients was significantly associated with the pollen concentration, these results can make a basis for prediction of pollinosis.

Progress in genetic study on allergic rhinitis

ZHAO Yanming, ZHANG Luo

2013, 34(6):  808-813.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.006

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Allergic rhinitis is a disease of high prevalence and has exhibited a fairly rapid upward trend all over the world. This high prevalence translates into a high cost to society. There are still some unanswered questions related to the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. The genetic study of allergic rhinitis is an effective way to detect novel mechanism, prevention and personalized drug therapy in allergic rhinitis individuals. The aim of this review is to elaborate on the methods and progress of the genetic study on allergic rhinitis.

Diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorder

ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Luo

2013, 34(6):  814-819.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.007

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Damaged sense of smell can lead to significant impairment of quality of life. It could also act as a biomarker in early diagnosis of certain diseases. Pathophysiologic processes contributing to smell impairment are various, and treatment strategies vary accordingly. This review will highlight on available assessment methods, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorder.

Effect of glucocerebrosidase inhibition on intracellular α-synuclein oligomer formation and autophagic activity of dopaminergic cells

LIU Guangwei, YIN Na, MI Na, LI Xin, LI Yaohua, YU Shun

2013, 34(6):  820-825.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.008

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Objective To investigate the effect of glucocerebrosidase (GBA) inhibition on intracellular α-synuclein(α-Syn) oligomer formation and autophagic activity of dopaminergic cells. Methods The activity of GBA was measured in MES 23.5 cells treated with different concentrations of CβE, the specific GBA inhibitor. After treatment with CβE, monomeric α-Syn was added into the medium and the amount of intracellular α-Syn oligomers were evaluated by ELISA. The autophagic activity, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell counts were also examined. Results CβE dose-dependently decreased the activity of GBA and increased the levels of intracellular α-Syn oligomers. CβE also enhanced the autophagic activity, oxidative stress levels and apoptotic cell counts in an α-Syn concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion GBA inhibition causes intracellular accumulation of α-Syn oligomers and α-Syn concentration-dependent enhancement of autophagy, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Changes of α-synuclein and its oligomeric formation in plasmas of patients with stroke

CHEN Yudong, YIN Na, LI Xin, YANG Weiwei, LI Xuran, YU Shun

2013, 34(6):  826-829.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.009

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Objective To explore the changes of α-synuclein(α-Syn) level in plasma of patients with stroke, and observe the effect of plasma on the formation of oligomeric α-Syn. Methods A total of 50 hospitalized patients with stroke were recruited, they were diagnosed by neurologist of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from March to May in 2012. A total of 30 people were recruited as the control group. ELISA was used to evaluate the total α-Syn and the formation of α-Syn oligomers in different groups. Results α-Syn oligomeric formation and total α-Syn level in the plasma of stroke patients was higher than that in controls'. Conclusion Plasma from stroke patients contained high level of total α-Syn and the plasma enhanced formation of oligomeric α-Syn.

A method for evaluation of α-synuclein oligomer formation in plasma of patients with Parkinson’s disease

LI Xin, YANG Weiwei, LI Yan, YU Shun

2013, 34(6):  830-834.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.010

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Objective To establish a method for evaluation of exogenous α-synuclein(α-Syn) oligomer formation in plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). Methods An ELISA method was developed by using the 3D5 mouse anti-human α-Syn monoclonal antibody. Various concentrations of α-Syn(200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 μmol/L) was incubated(37℃, 280 r/min) in PD and control sera for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The amounts of α-Syn oligomers formed in the sera were measured using the established ELISA method. Results The ELISA method established specifically detected α-Syn oligmers with no reaction to α-Syn monomers. The best differentiation between the α-Syn oligomer formation in PD and control sera was observed when the recombinant α-Syn concentration was 100 μmol/L, with the incubation time being 48 h and the plasma diluted to less than 1/3. Conclusion A method for evaluation of α-Syn oligomer formation in the sera of PD patients and normal controls was established, which can differentiate the potential pathological changes of PD.

Activation of protein phosphatase 2A alleviates α-synuclein-induced apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells

YANG Weiwei, YANG Hui, YU Shun

2013, 34(6):  835-839.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.011

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Objective To explore the role of protein phosphatase 2A(PP2A) activity in α-Syn-induced cell apoptosis. Methods SK-N-SH cells were transiently transfected with either myc blank vectors or the myc vectors with α-Syn gene. The expression of α-Syn gene were indentified by immunofluorescence. The PP2A phosphorylation levels and activity were investigated via Western blotting and Cell PP2A Colorimetric Assay Kit, respectively. TUNEL staining and MTT assay were used to evaluate the cell death. Results Compared with control group, α-Syn overexpression in SK-N-SH cells led to phosphorylation of PP2A(high pPP2Ac levels) and inhibition of the enzyme activity. α-Syn overexpression also resulted in the enhancement of apoptotic cells and decrease of cell viable cells. C₂-ceramide, the PP2A activator attenuated α-Syn-induced cell death. Conclusion α-Syn enhanced pPP2Ac levels, and inhibited PP2A activity. Activation of endogenous PP2A alleviates α-Syn-induced apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells.

Increased formation of α-synuclein oligomers in plasma of patients with Parkinson’s disease

YIN Na, CHEN Yudong, LI Xin, YANG Weiwei, LI Xuran, YU Shun

2013, 34(6):  840-843.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.012

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Objective To study the effect of plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease(PD) on the formation of oligomeric α-synuclein (α-Syn). Methods Recombinant α-Syn was incubated in the plasma of PD patients and normal subjects. Immunoblotting analysis was used to identify the formation of α-Syn oligomers. A special ELISA method was used to evaluate the amount of α-Syn oligomers formed in PD and control plasma. Results The amount of α-Syn oligomer formed in the plasma of PD patients was higher than that in control plasma. Conclusion Compared with control plasma, the plasma from PD patients enhanced the oligomerization of α-Syn.

Effects of remote ischemic postconditioning on the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its mechanism

ZHANG Ying, ZHAO Haiping, JI Xunming, GAO Suqin, LUO Yumin

2013, 34(6):  844-850.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.013

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Objective To study the effects of remote ischemic postconditioning(RIPostC) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Methods Three cycles of RIPostC were given immediately after 2 hours of the ischemia in rats.We assessed neurological function before the sacrifice; magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used for determining the infarct volumes at 8 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after the ischemia. Results Compared with the control groups, the neurological function scores were significantly decreased in R3d and R7d groups(P<0.05). The cerebral infarction volumes were significantly decreased in the R8h, R24h, R3d and R7d groups compared with the control groups(P<0.05). Conclusion RIPostC could reduce the cerebral infarction volumes at 8 h, 24 h, 3 d and 7 d after the cerebral ischemia, and improve the neurological defects in 3 days and 7 days after the cerebral ischemia in the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) in rats.

Long-term changes of amyloid β peptide 42 and nerve growth factor expression in the hippocampus of experimental diabetic mice

ZHAO Yongmei, YAN Ying, ZHAO Zhiwei

2013, 34(6):  851-855.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.014

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Objective To observe the long-term changes in expression of amyloid β peptide(Aβ) 42 and nerve growth factor(NGF) in the hippocampus of experimental diabetic mice and to explore the mechanism of diabetic encephalopathy. Methods Sixty-four male mice were divided into a control(C) group(n=32) and a diabetic mellitus(DM) group(n=32) randomly. Streptozocin was freshly prepared and injected at 200 mg/kg, i.p. into mice which had been fasted for 12 h. Three days later, blood glucose in a tail-vein sample was determined; a value ≥15 mmol/L was accepted as a successful induction of a diabetic model. The expression changes of Aβ42 and NGF in the hippocampal CA1 region of C group and DM group mice were studied by immunohistochemical staining at the 4 time-points of 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after DM models were established. Results 1. There were slightly stained Aβ42-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 region of C group mice, while more darkly stained Aβ42-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 region were found in DM group mice at the 4 time-points. The numbers of Aβ42-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 region of DM group mice at 1 week(14.10±3.60) increased a little compared with that of C group mice(13.20±3.08) with no significant difference(P>0.05), while the numbers of Aβ42-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of DM group mice at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks(16.10±3.67, 16.20±2.86, 17.50±3.10) increased significantly(P<0.01) compared with those of C group mice(11.70±2.54, 12.00±2.67, 10.80±2.92). 2. That there were some darkly stained NGF-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 region of C group mice. DM group mice at the 4 time-points also had some NGF-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 region although the staining was a little pale. There were no significant differences between the numbers of NGF-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of DM group mice at the 4 time-pointsand those of group C mice(P>0.05). Conclusion The expression of Aβ42 in the hippocampus of DM mice increased significantly compared with that of normal control mice at the middle stage of DM(4 weeks) and sustained till the end of this study(DM 12 weeks). The expression of NGF in the hippocampus of DM mice did not change significantly in this study. Aβ42 might be involved in the degenerative process of hippocampal neurons in DM mice and play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy.

Effect of cigarette smoking on plasma uric acid concentrations

WANG Yulan, LIU Bin, Ma Lina, WANG Rong

2013, 34(6):  856-859.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.015

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Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cigarette smoking on plasma uric acid concentration and to determine the correlation between this parameter and the biological tobacco markers, urinary cotinine. Methods The study was conducted on 300 subjects. One hundred and thirty-eight of them were nonsmokers(62 men and 76 women) and 162 were current smokers(145 men and 17 women). Uric acid, creatinine, and urinary cotinine were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Results Plasma uric acid concentration was significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. A statistically significant negative correlation was noted between the smoking status parameters, including both the number of cigarettes smoked/day and the duration of smoking, and the plasma uric acid. Among smokers, we noted a negative correlation between uric acid, and urinary cotinine. Conclusion After excluding the other factors affecting the uric acid levels, the significant low plasma uric acid in smokers was attributed to a reduction of the endogenous production as a result of the chronic exposure to cigarette smoke that is a significant source of oxidative stress. Therefore, it is recommended to stop or reduce smoking and to introduce plasma uric acid estimation as a routine test, since it is cheap and simple to reflect the antioxidant level.

Imaging features of diverse clinical syndrome of cerebral small vessel disease

MI Taomian, SUN Yongxin

2013, 34(6):  860-867.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.016

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The term small vessel disease(SVD) encompasses all pathological processes that affect the small vessels of brain, including small arteries, arterioles, capillaries and small veins. Most often, SVD is used to refer only to the arterial vessels. Clinical features range from none specific symptoms, to discrete focal neurological symptoms(e.g., lacunar stroke), and insidious global neurological dysfunction such as vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, gait disturbances, mild parkinsonian signs and so on. However, SVD is neglected by many clinicians, although it compromise patient's quality of life seriously. The imaging features of SVD on MRI play an important role for diagnosis, these features include acute lacunar infarcts, lacunes, white matter lesions, enlarged perivascular spaces and microbleeds. Here, we summarize the neuroimaging and clinical features of SVD for the purpose of early recognition and management of SVD.

Analysis of contributory factors to elderly carotid atherosclerosis in community

YANG Minjing, ZHANG Yonghui, LIU Jielin, BI Qi, WANG Yixin

2013, 34(6):  868-871.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.017

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Objective To investigate status and contributory factors of carotid atherosclerosis in middle age to elderly population in Datun community by Chaoyang District in Beijing. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, 804 residents(male:259; female:545) above 40 years of age in Datun community were selected. Subjects were screened for carotid atherosclerosis plaque, determined whether atherosclerosis plaque has existed in carotid artery using ultrasound, recorded the incident rate of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and cigarette smoking. Results The detection rate of carotid atherosclerosis plaque in this community was 78.6%, among this, the detection rate was 68.8% in 40~59 years old group, 84.8% in 60~85 years old group. The contributory factors to the severity of carotid atherosclerosis in this population included age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking as well as value of high density lipoprotein. Conclusion In Datun community, the incidence of carotid atherosclerosis increased gradually with age, and incidence of male was higher than that of female. It is necessary to make smokers give up smoking and control alcohol drinking, to reduce the incidence of carotid atherosclerosis. High density lipoprotein is one protective factor of carotid atherosclerosis.

Lentiviral vector mediated hLPP-3 expression in human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells

LI Xiaobo, GU Jianjuan, ZHAO Chunsong, WANG Shuyan, GUAN Yunqian, CHEN Ling, ZHANG Yu

2013, 34(6):  872-878.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.018

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Objective In this article, we isolated and cultured mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord(UC-MSCs) and studied their biological characterization in vitro. Furthermore, we transfected UC-MSCs using lentiviral vectors encoding(hLPP-3) gene to detect its expression level in vitro. Methods We first isolated monocytes by collagenase digestion from UC and cultured them. Within 1 week, the cells with spindle shape appeared. Ten days after isolation, the cells could be passaged by trypsinization. The surface markers of cultured cells at passage 3~5 were detected by fluorescence activated cell sorting. At the same time, hLPP-3 gene was sub-cloned into lentiviral vectors and packaged into lentivirus through three plasmids co-transfection method. Then the UC-MSCs were transfected using lentiviral vectors encoding hLPP-3 at different multiplicity of infection(MOI) values. The hLPP-3 mRNA and protein expression level was detected using real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results We isolated and cultured UC-MSCs in vitro successfully. The FACS indicated that the CD90, CD73 and CD105 were positive; however the CD14, CD34, CD45, CD19, HLA-DR, CD11b and CD106 were negative. Real-time PCR showed hLPP-3 mRNA expression level were correlated with the multiplicity of infection(MOI). Western blotting indicated that the over expression of hLPP-3 protein were stable for at least 4 weeks. Conclusion The UC-MSCs could be isolated and cultured in vitro. Its biological characteristics are in accordance with common defined mesenchymal stem cells. Through transfection of UC-MSC by lentiviral vectors encoding hLPP-3, UC-MSCs could express hLPP-3 continuously.

Effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on expression of MMP-9 and claudin-5 in cerebral ischemic/reperfusion rats

QI Zhifeng, SHI Wenjuan, YAN Feng, LUO Yumin, LIU Kejian

2013, 34(6):  879-884.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.019

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Objective Hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) is the water-extracted fraction from the flower of the safflower plant(C tinctorius), a traditional medicine, which has been used to treat ischemic diseases with a long history. Recent studies in rodents suggested that HSYA may reduce the blood brain barrier(BBB) permeability during acute cerebral ischemic/reperfusion. However, the mechanisms in BBB protection afforded by HSYA are still unclear. Methods In this study, we investigated the changes in protein level of matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and tight junction protein claudin-5 in HSYA treatment on a 90 min-ischemia/72 h-reperfusion rat model, which mimics the possible clinical application for acute ischemic stroke patients. Results Western blotting indicated that HSYA reduced the MMP-9 level but increased the level of claudin-5 in penumbral tissue. However, there is no significant change in MMP-9 and claudin-5 level in ischemic core. Conclusion The reduction of MMP-9 and elevation of claudin-5 in penumbral might be involved in HSYA afforded BBB protection on ischemic/reperfusion model of rats.

Explanation of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and its syndromes in Chinese medicine

FAN Yongping, ZHANG Qing

2013, 34(6):  885-890.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.020

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The pathogenic mechanism of each symptom of multiple sclerosis(MS) was mainly explained with classic theory in traditional Chinese medicine. And all symptoms were classified into different syndromes, and to which Zang and Fu organs these symptoms belonged to. The results showed that MS was related to five Zang, especially to both deficiency of kidney and liver yin, secondly to both deficiency of lung and spleen qi, Phlegm, blood stasis and heat joined pathogenic cause. These results laid foundation for treatment and prescription for Chinese patients.

Application of echocardiography in the cardiac function assessments of people rapidly traveling to highlands

WANG Yong, LIU Yong, PAN Lei

2013, 34(6):  891-893.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.021

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Objective To evaluate ventricular function of the travelers who rushed into high lands with echocardiography quantitatively. Methods Routine echocardiography was performed in the 44 cases of people who rushed into high land(Yushu, with an average altitude more than 4200 meters) and 24 cases of control subjects in plain who are age-and sex-matched, while myocardial performance index(Tei index) of left and right ventricular myocardium were measured using tissue doppler(TDl). Student T test was used for statistical analysis. Results Compared with the plain control group, systolic pulmonary artery pressure increased(P<0.01) in high land group, while the differences in the atrial and ventricular diameters of left and right heart, left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), fractional area change(FAC) of right ventricular were not statistically significant. TDl analysis showed that compared with the plain control group, left ventricular myocardial contractility and overall function were reduced in high land group, namely peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity(Em) significantly reduced, and left ventricular Tei index significantly increased(P<0.01). There were no significant difference in tricuspid peak velocity(Em) and right ventricular Tei index between these 2 groups. Conclusion Left ventricular dysfunction of high land people be detected early, safely, and noninvasively with echocardiography.

Detection of lead concentrations in peripheral blood of 15 564 children in Beijing

LYU Ge, SONG Wenqi, LI Qiliang

2013, 34(6):  894-896.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.022

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Objective To provide a reference of preventing children from lead poisoning by studying the level of lead and the conditions of lead poisoning of 15 564 children in Beijing. Methods The lead in peripheral blood of 15 564 children of Beijing Children's Hospital health examination from January 2011 to December 2012 was detected by atomic absorption spectrometer. According to different genders, the children were divided into male and female groups. According to different ages, they were divided into five age groups: infancy group, toddlers group, preschool group, school age group and adolescence group. The results were analyzed by the software of SPSS13.0. Results The rate of lead intoxication is 1.92% among 15 564 children. The most cases have low-grade lead intoxication. There are significantly differences in different age groups, sex sets and seasons(P<0.05). Boys lead poisoning was significantly higher than girls(P<0.01). There is the highest rate of lead intoxication in school age group(P<0.01). Conclusion Lead poisoning in children can cause damage to children's multiple systems, emphasizing that the scientific feeding, reasonable diet are important, so that children develop good lifestyle. We should pay attention to nurturing children good health habits, let them get away from lead pollution in order to promote the healthy development of children.

Attentional defects induced by chronic drug abuse

LI Jingye, ZHENG Zhijun, LUO Yanlin

2013, 34(6):  904-909.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.025

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Severe influences on cognitive function caused by chronic drug abuse, such as attention, have drawn public attention. In present review, common attentional tasks were introduced, and behavioral effects on attention, caused by chronic abuse of opioid or psychomotor stimulants, were analyzed. The majority of the studies showed the negative effects on attentional function caused by opioid or psychomotor stimulants abuse, especially for the psychomotor stimulants. As for cocaine, male abusers showed poorer attention compared with their female counterparts. Cocaine-induced impairments may be concealed for abusers during their cocaine use, but may resurface during their abstinence. MDMA and cannabis abuse will significantly impair abusers' attention; while methamphetamine abusers may recover from their attention defects to some degree after certain lengthy time of abstinence.

Progress of the preconditioning mechanism on ischemia-reperfusion injury and its application prospect

WANG Shanshan, HAN Ruquan

2013, 34(6):  910-914.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.026

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Ischemic disease is a common pathophysiological phenomenon which might cause serious complications when occurred in the vital organs such as heart and brain. Reperfusion can significantly reduce infarct size, but may result in ischemia-reperfusion injury at the same time. Numerous studies have shown that preconditioning is a powerful intervention to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion injury.The mechanisms include suppression of oxidative stress response, inhibition of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and nitric oxide(NO) release, reduction of intracellular calcium overload, activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium chanels,and decreasing inflammation response. In this paper, the preventive effect and mechanism of preconditioning on ischemia/reperfusion injury were reviewed.

Open access publishing of scientific and scholarly journal is becoming a global trend

SUN Chaoyuan, MU Meng, ZHANG Junmin

2013, 34(6):  915-917.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2013.06.027

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The world of research and scientific publishing is moving and evolving at a rapid pace. The internet has dramatically changed both the way we do and share research and the way we access and preserve information. Open access(OA) can overcome the hurdles and the barriers to provide an excellent plat form for delivering and sharing scholarly data and results. OA is a global trend which influences the workflow in scientific and scholarly journals. There is no longer a debate about whether the results of research should be freely accessible. All that remains is to work out when and how access will be enabled.